Unpacking masculine stereotypes: a critical analysis of selected isiXhosa proverbs and idioms

Abstract

This article examines the application of proverbs and idioms in perpetuating male stereotypes, seeking their cultural and historical origins and societal perceptions of masculinity. It traces the evolution of Western masculinity in relation to the labour market, family, and gender roles through the Industrial Revolution and feminist movements. By considering proverbs and idioms as storehouses of collective knowledge, the research determines the impact of such stereotypes on the performances and possibilities of men and women. The study employs the theory of hegemonic masculinity, and its extension by R.W. Connell, and examines gender stereotypes in the culture of the AmaXhosa, where traditional gender roles are strongly defined. This cultural lens allows for an examination of how such stereotypes impact men’s professional choices, mental health, and overall well-being. Through a qualitative methodology, the study analyses proverbs from Mesatywa and Jordan’s ‘Izaci Namaqhalo EsiXhosa’ (1971) and Makuliwe’s ‘Ingqokelela Entsha Yezaci Namaqhalo EsiXhosa’ (1997), contrasting old and modern idioms to identify cultural continuity and shifts in social norms. Selecting on some of the isiXhosa proverbs like ‘Ubuhle bendoda zinkomo zayo’ (A man’s beauty is his wealth) and ‘Akukho kwayama ngomfo olambayo’ (You cannot trust a poor man), the article critically explores what they mean in relation to men’s self-perception and societal expectations and their role towards gender discrimination. The findings indicate that masculine stereotypes have the effect of privileging men in working environments and undermining women, reinforcing gender inequality. The article demands the transformation of conventional masculine stereotypes in the interests of inclusivity, healthy role models of masculinity, education, and challenging outdated societal norms. It attempts to contribute, ultimately, to the construction of a fairer and healthier society that embraces different definitions of masculinity.