An overview of pollution levels in the Northern Egyptian Lakes: the role of remote sensing and GIS in monitoring and management programs

Abstract

There are five northern coastal lakes in Egypt. They are characterized by their economic value, fisheries, biodiversity, recreational and navigation activities. They are also considered vital stopover habitats for migratory birds. This review discusses the pollutants detected in these lakes over the past few decades, focusing on nutrients, water clarity and heavy metals. It motivates for the integration of remote sensing and GIS to model and map water quality parameters. Effective management of these lakes plays a crucial role in maintaining surface water quality, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG6).