How cultural beliefs, practices and taboos drive regional disparity in vulture abundance and conservation in Nigeria

Abstract

Vultures provide important ecosystem services by rapidly disposing of carcasses and limiting disease transmission, yet their populations are collapsing across Africa. In West Africa, particularly Nigeria, this decline has been shaped not only by ecological pressures but also by deep-rooted cultural beliefs. This study examined how traditional perceptions and taboos influence regional disparities in vulture abundance and conservation across Nigeria. Using an ethno-ornithological approach, data were collected through 300 structured questionnaires across six states, 20 in-depth interviews, a focus group discussion, and market observations in two additional states (Akwa Ibom and Delta). Results revealed a pronounced regional divide in both vulture presence and public attitudes. In Kano (North) and Ekiti (West), negative perceptions portraying vultures as symbols of death and their use in traditional medicine have driven near-extirpation. Conversely, in Anambra (South-East) and Cross River, Akwa Ibom and Delta (South-South), enduring taboos and reverence, such as burial rituals for vultures, have sustained relatively stable populations. About 81% of respondents recognised a population decline, linking it to increased sanitation costs and higher disease risks. Awareness of vultures’ ecological roles remained low (45%), pointing to the need for education and cultural engagement. The study concludes that useful beliefs and taboos are pivotal to vulture survival in Nigeria. Conservation efforts should integrate indigenous knowledge, strengthen enforcement against wildlife trade, promote community awareness, and establish culturally grounded ‘vulture guardian’ zones to preserve the country’s remaining strongholds.